Background
Lefty and Nodal are transforming growth factor β-related proteins, which, beside their role in determination of laterality during embryogenesis, have also been linked with cancer progression. Objectives: Prompted by the observed significant left-sided laterality of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), we addressed whether Lefty and Nodal are expressed in MCC and correlated expression patterns with clinical parameters such as MCC laterality and patient outcome.
Conclusions
Lefty and Nodal are frequently expressed in MCC, but not correlated with tumour laterality. Importantly, our data suggest that a low level of Lefty expression in primary MCC is a strong predictor of MCC-specific death.
Methods
Expression of Lefty and Nodal in primary MCC was assessed in 29 patients by immunohistochemistry. The histology (H-)score was calculated and correlated with clinical parameters.
Results
The median (range) H-score of Lefty and Nodal was 17.6 (0-291) and 74.9 (0.7-272), respectively. There was a significant correlation between Lefty expression and Nodal expression (correlation coefficient of 0.60, P = 0.0006). There was no significant correlation between Lefty expression and Nodal expression with either tumour laterality, gender, age, Merkel cell polyomavirus status, disease stage, anatomical localization of primary tumours or disease relapse. On univariate analysis, low Lefty expression and Nodal expression were significantly associated with MCC-specific death (P = 0.010 and P = 0.019, respectively). On univariate analysis, low Lefty expression was the only significant independent predictor for MCC-specific death (P = 0.025) as indicated by an odds ratio of 14 (95% CI: 1.43-137.33). Conclusions: Lefty and Nodal are frequently expressed in MCC, but not correlated with tumour laterality. Importantly, our data suggest that a low level of Lefty expression in primary MCC is a strong predictor of MCC-specific death.