Abstract
Cancer poses a significant global health challenge and its progression is intricately connected to the interplay among various cell types and molecular pathways. In recent years, research has focused on the roles of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and exosomes within the tumor microenvironment. Anomalies in tumor vascular integrity and function create a conducive milieu for cancer cell proliferation. Despite efforts in clinical anti‑angiogenic interventions, the anticipated outcomes remain elusive. VECs have the capability to transition into mesenchymal cells through endothelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition, thereby affecting cancer advancement. Exosomes are minute membrane‑bound vesicles generated by cells, serving as vital extracellular elements that facilitate cell‑to‑cell communication. They participate in modulating the tumor microenvironment, thereby influencing tumor progression, metastasis, drug resistance and angiogenesis. Additionally, exosomes serve as efficient carriers for drug delivery, as well as targeting and suppressing tumor cells. In summary, understanding the intricate and interconnected mechanisms of VECs and exosomes in cancer, encompassing tumor angiogenesis, microenvironment modulation and immune regulation, is crucial. A comprehensive exploration of these mechanisms may provide insight into cancer treatment and prevention and yield novel therapeutic targets.