Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis promotes the advancement of malignancy and the development of fibrosis in normal liver tissues. Understanding the pathological mechanisms underlying the development of HCC with cirrhosis is important for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Herein, the RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data and corresponding clinical features of patients with HCC were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database using the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) Xena platform. The enrichment degree of hallmarkers for each TCGA-LIHC cohort was quantified by ssGSEA algorithm. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed two gene module eigengenes (MEs) associated with cirrhosis, namely, MEbrown and MEgreen. Analysis of these modules using AUCell showed that MEbrown had higher enrichment scores in all immune cells, whereas MEgreen had higher enrichment scores in malignant cells. The CellChat package revealed that both immune and malignant cells contributed to the fibrotic activity of myofibroblasts through diverse signaling pathways. Additionally, spatial transcriptomic data showed that hepatocytes, proliferating hepatocytes, macrophages, and myofibroblasts were located in closer proximity in HCC tissues. These cells may potentially participate in the process of stimulating myofibroblast fibrotic activity, which may be related to the development of liver fibrosis. In summary, we made full use of multi-omics data to explore gene networks and cell types that may be involved in the development and progression of cirrhosis in HCC.