Abstract
Snakebite is considered a concerning issue and a neglected tropical disease. Three-finger toxins (3FTxs) in snake venoms primarily cause neurotoxic effects since they have high affinity for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Their small molecular size makes 3FTxs weakly immunogenic and therefore not appropriately targeted by current antivenoms. This study aims at presenting and applying an analytical method for investigating the therapeutic potential of the acetylcholine-binding protein (AChBP), an efficient nAChR mimic that can capture 3FTxs, for alternative treatment of elapid snakebites. In this analytical methodology, snake venom toxins were separated and characterised using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and high-throughput venomics. By subsequent nanofractionation analytics, binding profiling of toxins to the AChBP was achieved with a post-column plate reader-based fluorescence-enhancement ligand displacement bioassay. The integrated method was established and applied to profiling venoms of six elapid snakes (Naja mossambica, Ophiophagus hannah, Dendroaspis polylepis, Naja kaouthia, Naja haje and Bungarus multicinctus). The methodology demonstrated that the AChBP is able to effectively bind long-chain 3FTxs with relatively high affinity, but has low or no binding affinity towards short-chain 3FTxs, and as such provides an efficient analytical platform to investigate binding affinity of 3FTxs to the AChBP and mutants thereof and to rapidly identify bound toxins.