Abstract
Despite recent advances in melanoma treatment, metastasis and resistance to therapy remain serious clinical challenges. NME1 is a metastasis suppressor, a class of proteins which inhibits metastatic spread of cancer cells without impact on growth of the primary tumor. We have identified a rare subpopulation of cells with markedly reduced expression of NME1 (NME1LOW) in human melanoma cell lines. To enable isolation of viable NME1LOW cells for phenotypic analysis by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), a CRISPR-Cas9-mediated approach was used to attach an EGFP coding module to the C-terminus of the endogenous NME1 gene in melanoma cell lines. NME1LOW cells displayed enhanced collective invasion in vitro when implanted as 3D aggregates in Matrigel. NME1LOW cells were also highly metastatic to lung and liver when xenografted subcutaneously in immune-deficient NSG mice. RNA-seq analysis revealed that NME1LOW cells express elevated levels of genes associated with tumor aggressiveness, as well as with morphogenesis of tissues of neural crest-like origin (melanocytes and neurons, bone and heart tissues; GO: 0009653). The highly malignant NME1LOW variant of melanoma cells has potential to provide novel therapeutic targets and molecular markers for improved clinical management of patients with advanced melanoma.