Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of different non-pharmacologic therapies (NPTs) on relieving depressive symptoms and pain intensity in individuals living with chronic low back pain (LBP) and associated depression. METHODS: A comprehensive search of seven English databases and two Chinese databases from inception to the search date will be undertaken. The reference lists of previously published relevant reviews and included trials will also be searched. Only peer-reviewed and published moderate-to-high quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for chronic LBP and associated depression treated with NPTs will be considered. Two independent reviewers will identify studies, extract data, assess risk of bias, and evaluate the strength of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Meta-analysis will be conducted to estimate the treatment effect of various NPTs. Heterogeneity will be assessed using Cochrane's Q and the I-squared statistics. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses will be performed to assess the robustness of findings. A funnel plot will be developed to evaluate reporting bias, and Begg's and Egger's tests will be used to assess funnel plot symmetries. RESULTS: This protocol outlines the planned scope and methodology for an upcoming systematic review and meta-analysis, which will provide up-to-date evidence on 1) which NPTs are associated with improvements in depressive symptoms and pain intensity and 2) whether the effects of NPTs on chronic LBP and associated depression vary according to clinical condition, participant, and treatment characteristics. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analyses of moderate-to-high quality RCTs will help to develop specific recommendations on prescribing NPTs in patients with chronic LBP and associated depression. STUDY REGISTRATION: This protocol is registered on the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (INPLASY) protocols platform as record No. INPLASY202260055.