Abstract
In developing countries like India, fecal pollution of surface waters is a major threat to public and environmental health. The aim of the study was to assess serological, phylogenetic and molecular diversity among aquatic Escherichia coli isolates from Yamuna river and their comparison with the animal fecal isolates. A total of 97 E. coli isolates from Yamuna river and domesticated animals were characterized by multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) using four VNTR loci. The pathogenicity of these strains by serological and phylogenetic analysis was also determined. E. coli strains were differentiated into 53 distinct MLVA types with high discriminatory power, Simpson's index of 0.95 (95% CI 0.923-0.978). Cluster analysis and population modeling using minimum spanning tree suggested a possible epidemiological linkage among aquatic and fecal isolates. The study also reported the presence of highly diverse and pathogenic serotypes belonging to STEC and EPEC strains, particularly O157 and high prevalence of pathogenic phylogroups (phylogroup, B2 and D). The presence of such a high molecular heterogeneity among aquatic and fecal E. coli isolates emphasizes upon the need to develop proper fecal pollution abatement strategies for Indian natural bodies.