Abstract
The dielectric properties of Cymbopogon nardus, Eucalyptus sp., Piper aduncum and Piper hispidinervum were investigated as a function of frequency and temperature, using dry plant matter and its mixtures with water at different concentrations. This was followed by the extraction of essential oils performed with microwave heating in single-mode and multimode cavities with a variable power 6.0 kW generator operating at 2.45 GHz. The dielectric properties of the dry plant matter changed markedly with increasing water content, exhibiting high loss factors and small penetration depths. Due to the high level of absorption, even with low water contents, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) showed better green performance employing lower plant matter/water ratios (1 : 2 or 1 : 4) and applying shorter extraction times compared with conventional hydrodistillation (HD). Using the single-mode MAE reactor, in the case of Cymbopogon nardus, for a plant matter/water ratio of 1 : 4 the energy efficiency was 1.78 g kW(-1) h(-1), applying 0.3 kW for 16.7 min. By way of comparison, for the same extraction time using HD, the corresponding efficiency was only 0.50 g kW(-1) h(-1). In experiments with citronella using multimode MAE, the best energy efficiency of 2.53 g kW(-1) h(-1) was obtained with a plant matter/water ratio of 1 : 2 applying 1.8 kW of power for 30 min. Single and multimode MAE experiments showed optimum conditions with lower water content. Thus, greater amounts of material can be processed in a shorter time, in accordance with the ideals of a green chemistry. The resulting extractions showed an energy efficiency up to 27 times greater compared with conventional HD, applying the same extraction time.