Abstract
INTRODUCTION: This survey assessed the perspectives of physicians, people with diabetes (PWD), and caregivers in Japan regarding initiation barriers and treatment burden associated with insulin therapy, and expectations for new insulin therapies. METHODS: An online survey, conducted May-June 2023, was completed by physicians (n = 411), PWD (type 1 diabetes, n = 108; type 2 diabetes [T2D]: insulin-naive, n = 114; insulin-treated, n = 108), and caregivers (family members, n = 107; nurses, n = 117; care workers, n = 104). Agreement with statements regarding initiation barriers, current feelings, and burden of insulin therapy was assessed. Physicians' views on ideal glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) levels and actual levels in PWD at insulin initiation were captured. RESULTS: Most PWD agreed with the statements "I don't want to be bothered with doing injections" (77.8-92.1%) and "I don't want to inject myself for the rest of my life" (78.7-91.2%). Physicians also considered these factors to be of high importance for PWD; however, physician and PWD (insulin-naive T2D) responses were significantly different for 11 statements. The greatest underestimation by physicians was for the statement "my family will be worried" (41.8% vs. 66.7%), whereas social factors (e.g., "my friendships may suffer," "if I take insulin I will be discriminated against") were overestimated by physicians (49.1% vs. 33.3% and 46.5% vs. 24.6%, respectively). Although > 70% of physicians considered HbA(1c) < 9.0% (< 75 mmol/mol) ideal for insulin initiation, only ~ 30% of PWD started insulin at HbA(1c) < 9.0% (< 75 mmol/mol). Nurses rated the burden of assisting with insulin injections significantly lower than family members or care workers. Respondents agreed the need for less frequent injections and improved glycemic control were important attributes expected from future insulin therapies. CONCLUSION: Differences in perceptions between physicians and PWD in Japan regarding insulin therapy persist, but this gap may be narrowing. Both groups agreed that future insulin therapies should be simpler and provide better glycemic control.