Abstract
Nose-to-brain delivery (NTBD) offering potential benefits for treating Alzheimer's disease. In previous research, insulin dry powder (IDP) formulation for NTBD was developed, exhibiting favorable stability. This study aims to conduct in vitro and ex vivo assessment of release, permeation, mucoadhesion and histopathology, as well as an in vivo biodistribution study to produce IDP for NTBD and evaluate brain biodistribution. Spray-freeze-dried IDP formulations with varying weight ratios of trehalose-to-inulin were produced and analyzed. The release study was carried out in PBS with a pH of 5.8 stirred at 50 rpm and maintained at 37 °C ± 0.5 °C. Goat nasal mucosa was used for ex vivo permeation and mucoadhesion testing under similar conditions. An ex vivo histopathological examination and an in vivo study using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were also performed. The IDP dissolution study demonstrated complete release of all IDPs within 120 min. The permeation study indicated that steady-state conditions were observed between 30 and 240 min. The mucoadhesion study unveiled that IDP F5 exhibited the fastest mucoadhesion time and the least force required within the fastest time of 43.60 ± 2.57 s. The histopathological study confirmed that none of the tested IDPs induced irritation in the nasal mucosa. Furthermore, the biodistribution study demonstrated the absence of detectable insulin in the plasma, while IDP F3 exhibited the highest deposited concentration of insulin within both the olfactory bulb and the whole brain. The extensive evaluation of the IDP formulations through in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies implies their strength non-invasive NTBD. IDP F3, with a 1:1 wt ratio of trehalose to inulin, exhibited favorable brain biodistribution outcomes and was recommended for further investigation and development in the context of NTBD.