Abstract
Insulin replacement therapy is a fundamental treatment for glycemic control for managing diabetes. The engineering of insulin analogues has focused on providing formulations with action profiles that mimic as closely as possible the pattern of physiological insulin secretion that normally occurs in healthy individuals without diabetes. Hence, it may be helpful to practitioners to visualize insulin concentration profiles and associated glucose action profiles. Expanding on a previous analysis that established a pharmacokinetic (PK) model to describe typical profiles of insulin concentration over time following subcutaneous administration of various insulin formulations, the goal of the current analysis was to link the PK model to an integrated glucose-insulin (IGI) systems pharmacology model. After the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model was qualified by comparing model predictions with clinical observations, it was used to project insulin (PK) and glucose (PD) profiles of common insulin regimens and dosing scenarios. The application of the PK-PD model to clinical scenarios was further explored by incorporating the impact of several hypothetical factors together, such as changing the timing or frequency of administration in a multiple-dosing regimen over the course of a day, administration of more than 1 insulin formulation, or insulin dosing adjusted for carbohydrates in meals. Visualizations of insulin and glucose profiles for commonly prescribed regimens could be rapidly generated by implementing the linked subcutaneous insulin PK-IGI model using the R statistical program (version 3.4.4) and a contemporary web-based interface, which could enhance clinical education on glycemic control with insulin therapy.