Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are crucial for osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. Despite the potential of pharmacological pretreatment of chondrocytes in preventing OA, its efficacy in preventing the progression of cartilage damage and promoting its recovery has not been examined. In this study, an H(2)O(2)-induced human OA-like chondrocyte cell model was created using H1467 primary human chondrocytes to evaluate the efficacy of interleukin (IL)-6 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors (tocilizumab and celecoxib, respectively) in the prevention and treatment of cartilage damage. H(2)O(2) significantly elevated the IL-6, COX-2, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 levels. Although monotherapy decreased the levels, nuclear shrinkage and altered cell morphology, similar to those in the H(2)O(2) group, were observed. The expression of these factors was significantly lower in the combination therapy group, and the cell morphology was maintained. Moreover, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway was activated, and levels of the antioxidant protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were increased, especially in the combination group, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect. The treatment groups, particularly the combination group, demonstrated increased cell viability. Overall, the drug combination exhibited superior efficacy in preventing the progression of cartilage damage and promoted its recovery compared with the monotherapy. Given that the drugs herein are already in clinical use, they are suitable candidates for OA treatment.