Abstract
Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in maintaining soil functionality and ecological balance by participating in key processes such as organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling, soil structure formation, and plant health support. High-throughput sequencing was utilized in this study to systematically investigate the influence of different crop types, maize (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), and Eleutherococcus senticosus, on the communities and assembly mechanisms of soil microorganisms in a cold-temperate agroecosystem. The results reveal that cultivation practices led to significant differences in soil chemical properties compared to fallow land (CK). Total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and available nitrogen (AN) were significantly lower in CK than in cultivated soils, with the highest values observed in maize treatments among all crop types (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the alpha diversity of bacteria in the maize and soybean treatments was significantly higher than that in CK, while there was no significant difference between the Eleutherococcus senticosus treatment and CK. However, no significant differences were observed in the ACE and Chao1 indices of the soil fungal communities across the four crop types. Beta diversity of bacterial and fungal communities exhibited significant variations under different crop cultivation practices. Specifically, compared with CK, the relative abundance of Sphingomonas, which contributes to the degradation of complex organic compounds, and Gemmatimonas, which plays a role in nitrogen cycling, significantly increased, whereas the relative abundance of Clavaria, a genus capable of decomposing recalcitrant lignin and cellulose, decreased. Analysis of community assemblies revealed that both bacterial and fungal communities were predominantly influenced by deterministic processes across all crop types. This finding provides a scientific basis for maintaining soil fertility in a targeted manner, precisely protecting crop health and optimizing agricultural management efficiently, thereby supporting sustainable agricultural practices. In conclusion, by examining microbial diversity and community dynamics across different crops, along with the underlying environmental factors, this study aims to enhance our understanding of plant-microbe interactions and provide insights for sustainable agricultural practices in cold-temperate regions.