Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the association between gout and cancer risk. METHODS: This study was registered with the Prospective Registry for International Systematic Reviews (ID: CRD42023465587). We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases for studies related to gout and cancer risk, with a timeframe from the date the database was created to September 2023. We assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and assessed heterogeneity between studies using the I2 statistic. Depending on the heterogeneity, we calculated pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using fixed-effects or random-effects models. In addition, we performed sensitivity analyses and publication bias tests. RESULTS: In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis of 6 studies encompassing a total of 1279,804 participants. Our analysis revealed that individuals with gout are at a heightened risk of developing cancer in general (HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.04-1.34, P < .001). Moreover, specific types of cancer displayed a significant correlation with gout, including gastric cancer (HR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.07-1.62, P = .012), liver cancer (HR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.01-1.52, P < .001), lung cancer (HR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.03-1.53, P = .001), and bladder cancer (HR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.02-2.41, P < .001). Furthermore, gout exhibited a marginally increased risk for other cancer types, such as head and neck cancer and esophageal cancer, although these associations did not attain statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that gout is a risk factor for cancer, especially for stomach, liver, lung, and bladder cancers. Patients with gout have an increased risk of developing overall cancers, lung cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, and bladder cancer. However, more high-quality epidemiologic studies are needed to explore the association between gout and individual cancers more accurately.