Abstract
Adult IDH-wildtype glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with no established immunotherapy or targeted therapy. Recently, CD32(+) HLA-DR(hi) macrophages were shown to have displaced resident microglia in GBM tumors that contact the lateral ventricle stem cell niche. Since these lateral ventricle contacting GBM tumors have especially poor outcomes, identifying the origin and role of these CD32(+) macrophages is likely critical to developing successful GBM immunotherapies. Here, we identify these CD32(+) cells as M_IL-8 macrophages and establish that IL-8 is sufficient and necessary for tumor cells to instruct healthy macrophages into CD32(+) M_IL-8 M2 macrophages. In ex vivo experiments with conditioned medium from primary human tumor cells, inhibitory antibodies to IL-8 blocked the generation of CD32(+) M_IL-8 cells. Finally, using a set of 73 GBM tumors, IL-8 protein is shown to be present in GBM tumor cells in vivo and especially common in tumors contacting the lateral ventricle. These results provide a mechanistic origin for CD32(+) macrophages that predominate in the microenvironment of the most aggressive GBM tumors. IL-8 and CD32(+) macrophages should now be explored as targets in combination with GBM immunotherapies, especially for patients whose tumors present with radiographic contact with the ventricular-subventricular zone stem cell niche.