Abstract
3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a druggable second messenger regulating cell growth and survival in a plethora of cells and disease states, many of which are associated with hypoxia. For example, in myocardial infarction and heart failure (HF), clinical use of cGMP-elevating drugs improves disease outcomes. Although they protect mice from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, the exact mechanism how cardiac cGMP signaling is regulated in response to hypoxia is still largely unknown. By monitoring real-time cGMP dynamics in murine and human cardiomyocytes using in vitro and in vivo models of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) and I/R injury combined with biochemical methods, we show that hypoxia causes rapid but partial degradation of cGMP-hydrolyzing phosphodiesterase-3A (PDE3A) protein via the autophagosomal-lysosomal pathway. While increasing cGMP in hypoxia prevents cell death, partially reduced PDE3A does not change the pro-apoptotic second messenger 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). However, it leads to significantly enhanced protective effects of clinically relevant activators of nitric oxide-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC). Collectively, our mouse and human data unravel a new mechanism by which cardiac cGMP improves hypoxia-associated disease conditions.