Abstract
BACKGROUND: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with combined [(18)F]-FDG and [(11)C]-acetate (dual-tracer) is used for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, although its prognostic value and underlying molecular mechanism remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that radiotracer uptake might be associated with tumor hypoxia and validated our findings in public and local human HCC cohorts. METHODS: Twelve orthotopic HCC xenografts were established using MHCC97L cells in female nude mice, with 5 having undergone hepatic artery ligation (HAL) to create tumor hypoxia in vivo. Tumors in both Control and HAL-treated xenografts were imaged with [(11)C]-acetate and [(18)F]-FDG PET-MR and RNA sequencing was performed on the resected tumors. Semiquantitative analysis of PET findings was then performed, and the findings were then validated on the Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) cohort and patients from our institution. RESULTS: HAL-treated mice showed lower [(11)C]-acetate (HAL-treated vs. Control, tumor-to-liver SUV ratio (SUV(TLR)): 2.14[2.05-2.21] vs 3.11[2.75-5.43], p = 0.02) but not [(18)F]-FDG (HAL-treated vs. Control, SUV(TLR): 3.73[3.12-4.35] vs 3.86[3.7-5.29], p = 0.83) tumor uptakes. Gene expression analysis showed the PET phenotype is associated with upregulation of hallmark hypoxia signature. The prognostic value of the hypoxia gene signature was tested on the TCGA-LIHC cohort with upregulation of hypoxia gene signature associated with poorer overall survival (OS) in late-stage (stage III and IV) HCC patients (n = 66, OS 2.05 vs 1.67 years, p = 0.046). Using a local cohort of late-stage HCC patients who underwent dual-tracer PET-CT, tumors without [(11)C]-acetate uptake are associated with poorer prognosis (n = 51, OS 0.25 versus 1.21 years, p < 0.0001) and multivariable analyses showed [(11)C]-acetate tumor uptake as an independent predictor of OS (HR 0.17 95%C 0.06-0.42, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: [(11)C]-acetate uptake is associated with alteration of tumor hypoxia gene expression and poorer prognosis in patients with advanced HCC.