Abstract
BACKGROUND: The presence of metal objects in computed tomography (CT) imaging introduces severe artifacts that degrade image quality and hinder accurate diagnosis. While several deep learning-based metal artifact reduction (MAR) methods have been proposed, they often exhibit poor performance on unseen data and require large datasets to train neural networks. PURPOSE: In this work, we propose a sinogram inpainting method for metal artifact reduction that leverages a neural attenuation field (NAF) as a prior. This new method, dubbed NAFMAR, operates in a self-supervised manner by optimizing a model-based neural field, thus eliminating the need for large training datasets. METHODS: NAF is optimized to generate prior images, which are then used to inpaint metal traces in the original sinogram. To address the corruption of x-ray projections caused by metal objects, a 3D forward projection of the original corrupted image is performed to identify metal traces. Consequently, NAF is optimized using a metal trace-masked ray sampling strategy that selectively utilizes uncorrupted rays to supervise the network. Moreover, a metal-aware loss function is proposed to prioritize metal-associated regions during optimization, thereby enhancing the network to learn more informed representations of anatomical features. After optimization, the NAF images are rendered to generate NAF prior images, which serve as priors to correct original projections through interpolation. Experiments are conducted to compare NAFMAR with other prior-based inpainting MAR methods. RESULTS: The proposed method provides an accurate prior without requiring extensive datasets. Images corrected using NAFMAR showed sharp features and preserved anatomical structures. Our comprehensive evaluation, involving simulated dental CT and clinical pelvic CT images, demonstrated the effectiveness of NAF prior compared to other prior information, including the linear interpolation and data-driven convolutional neural networks (CNNs). NAFMAR outperformed all compared baselines in terms of structural similarity index measure (SSIM) values, and its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) value was comparable to that of the dual-domain CNN method. CONCLUSIONS: NAFMAR presents an effective, high-fidelity solution for metal artifact reduction in 3D tomographic imaging without the need for large datasets.