Abstract
BACKGROUND: The NOTI chelating scaffold can readily be derivatized for bioconjugation without impacting its metal complexation/radiolabeling properties making it an attractive building block for the development of multimeric/-valent radiopharmaceuticals. The objective of the study was to further explore the potential of the NOTI chelating platform by preparing and characterizing homotrimeric PSMA radioconjugates in order to identify a suitable candidate for clinical translation. RESULTS: Altogether, three PSMA conjugates based on the NOTI-TVA scaffold with different spacer entities between the chelating unit and the Glu-CO-Lys PSMA binding motif were readily prepared by solid phase-peptide chemistry. Cell experiments allowed the identification of the homotrimeric conjugate 9 comprising NaI-Amc spacer with high PSMA binding affinity (IC(50) = 5.9 nM) and high PSMA-specific internalization (17.8 ± 2.5%) compared to the clinically used radiotracer [(68)Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 with a IC(50) of 18.5 nM and 5.2 ± 0.2% cell internalization, respectively. All (68)Ga-labeled trimeric conjugates showed high metabolic stability in vitro with [(68)Ga]Ga-9 exhibiting high binding to human serum proteins (> 95%). Small-animal PET imaging revealed a specific tumor uptake of 16.0 ± 1.3% IA g(-1) and a kidney uptake of 67.8 ± 8.4% IA g(-1) for [(68)Ga]Ga-9. Clinical PET imaging allowed identification of all lesions detected by [(68)Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 together with a prolonged blood circulation as well as a significantly lower kidney and higher liver uptake of [(68)Ga]Ga-9 compared to [(68)Ga]Ga-PSMA-11. CONCLUSIONS: Trimerization of the Glu-CO-Lys binding motif for conjugate 9 resulted in a ~ threefold higher binding affinity and cellular uptake as well as in an altered biodistribution profile compared to the control [(68)Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 due to its intrinsic high binding to serum proteins. To fully elucidate its biodistribution, future studies in combination with long-lived radionuclides, such as (64)Cu, are warranted. Its prolonged biological half-life and favorable tumor-to-kidney ratio make this homotrimeric conjugate also a potential candidate for future radiotherapeutic applications in combination with therapeutic radionuclides such as (67)Cu.