Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that a wide range of E3 ubiquitin ligases are involved in the development of many human diseases. Searching for small-molecule modulators of these E3 ubiquitin ligases is emerging as a promising drug discovery strategy. Here, we report the development of a cell-based high-throughput screening method to identify modulators of E3 ubiquitin ligases by integrating the ubiquitin-reference technique (URT), based on a fusion protein of ubiquitin located between a protein of interest and a reference protein moiety, with a Dual-Luciferase system. Using this method, we screened for small-molecule modulators of SMAD ubiquitin regulatory factor 1 (SMURF1), which belongs to the NEDD4 family of E3 ubiquitin ligases and is an attractive therapeutic target because of its roles in tumorigenesis. Using RAS homolog family member B (RHOB) as a SMURF1 substrate in this screen, we identified a potent SMURF1 inhibitor and confirmed that it also blocks SMURF1-dependent degradation of SMAD family member 1 (SMAD1) and RHOA. An in vitro auto-ubiquitination assay indicated that this compound inhibits both SMURF1 and SMURF2 activities, indicating that it may be an antagonist of the catalytic activity of the HECT domain in SMURF1/2. Moreover, cell functional assays revealed that this compound effectively inhibits protrusive activity in HEK293T cells and blocks transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in MDCK cells, similar to the effects on these processes caused by SMURF1 loss. In summary, the screening approach presented here may have great practical potential for identifying modulators of E3 ubiquitin ligases.