Abstract
Protein synthesis and clearance are major regulatory steps of gene expression, but their in vivo regulatory roles across the cells comprising complex tissues remains unexplored. Here, we systematically quantify protein synthesis and clearance across over 4,200 cells from a primary tissue. Through integration with single-cell transcriptomics, we report the first quantitative analysis of how individual cell types regulate their proteomes across the continuum of gene expression. Our analysis quantifies the relative contributions of RNA abundance, translation, and protein clearance to the abundance variation of thousands of proteins. These results reveal a putative organizing principle: The contributions of both translation and protein clearance are linearly dependent on the cell growth rate. Further, we find that some proteins are primarily regulated by one mechanism (RNA abundance, translation, or clearance) across all cell types while the dominant regulation of other proteins is cell-type specific. Age related changes in protein abundance are cell-type specific and correlated to changes in protein clearance. Our reliable multimodal measurements enabled quantifying and functionally interpreting molecular variation across single cells from the same cell type. The protein-protein correlations are substantially stronger than the mRNA-mRNA ones both for directly interacting proteins and for functional protein sets. This difference is mediated by protein clearance regulation. Further, the protein correlations allow identifying cell-type specific functional clusters. These clusters vary across cell types, revealing differences in metabolic processes coordination, partially regulated by protein degradation. Our approach reveals organizing principles determining the relative contributions of translation and protein clearance and provides a scalable framework for investigating protein regulation in mammalian tissues.