Abstract
BACKGROUND: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a mental illness with a complex, partially genetic background. Differences in characteristics of white matter (WM) microstructure have been reported in patients with SAD compared to healthy controls. Also, WM characteristics are moderately to highly heritable. Endophenotypes are measurable characteristics on the road from genotype to phenotype, putatively reflective of genetically based disease mechanisms. In search of candidate endophenotypes of SAD we used a unique sample of SAD patients and their family members of two generations to explore microstructure of WM tracts as candidate endophenotypes. We focused on two endophenotype criteria: co-segregation with social anxiety within the families, and heritability. METHODS: Participants (n = 94 from 8 families genetically vulnerable for SAD) took part in the Leiden Family Lab Study on Social Anxiety Disorder (LFLSAD). We employed tract-based spatial statistics to examine structural WM characteristics, being fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), mean diffusivity (MD) and radial diffusivity (RD), in three a-priori defined tracts of interest: uncinate fasciculus (UF), superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). Associations with social anxiety symptoms and heritability were estimated. RESULTS: Increased FA in the left and right SLF co-segregated with symptoms of social anxiety. These findings were coupled with decreased RD and MD. All characteristics of WM microstructure were estimated to be at least moderately heritable. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that alterations in WM microstructure in the SLF could be candidate endophenotypes of SAD, as they co-segregated within families genetically vulnerable for SAD and are heritable. These findings further elucidate the genetic susceptibility to SAD and improve our understanding of the overall etiology.