Abstract
Degenerative spine disease increases in prevalence and may become debilitating as people age. Complex spine surgery may offer relief but becomes riskier with age. Efforts to lessen the physiological impact of surgery through minimally invasive techniques and enhanced recovery programs mitigate risk only after the decision for surgery. Frailty assessments outperform traditional tools of perioperative risk stratification. The extent of frailty predicts complications after spine surgery such as reoperation for infection and 30-day mortality, as well as elements of social cost such as hospital length of stay and discharge to an advanced care facility. Symptoms of spine disease overlap with phenotypic markers of frailty; therefore, different frailty assessment tools may perform differently in patients with degenerative spine disease. Beyond frailty, however, cognitive decline and psychosocial isolation may interact with frailty and affect achievable surgical outcomes. Prehabilitation, which has reduced perioperative risk in colorectal and cardiac surgery, may benefit potential complex spine surgery patients. Typical prehabilitation includes physical exercise, nutrition supplementation, and behavioral measures that may offer symptomatic relief even in the absence of surgery. Nonetheless, the data on the efficacy of prehabilitation for spine surgery remains sparse and barriers to prehabilitation are poorly defined. This narrative review concludes that a frailty assessment-potentially supplemented by an assessment of cognition and psychosocial resources-should be part of shared decision-making for patients considering complex spine surgery. Such an assessment may suffice to prompt interventions that form a prehabilitation program. Formal prehabilitation programs will require further study to better define their place in complex spine care.