Abstract
Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) is a common complication of adult spinal deformity surgery. Initially described in Scheuermann kyphosis and adolescent scoliosis, PJK now represents a wide spectrum of diagnoses and severities. Proximal junctional failure (PJF) is the most severe form of PJK. Revision surgery for PJK may improve outcomes in the setting of intractable pain, neurological deficits, and/or progressive deformity. Accurate diagnosis of the driver(s) of PJK and a surgical strategy that addresses these factors are required to optimize outcomes for revision surgery and to avoid recurrent PJK. One such factor is residual deformity. Recent investigations on recurrent PJK have identified radiographic parameters that may be useful in revision surgery to minimize the risk of recurrent PJK. In this review, we discuss classification systems used to guide sagittal plane correction and literature investigating their utility in predicting and preventing PJK/PJF, we review the literature on revision surgery for PJK and addressing residual deformity, and we present illustrative cases.