Abstract
Angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) are the main causes of tumor metastasis and recurrence. In this study, we investigated the antiangiogenesis and anti-VM formation of a novel microtubule depolymerizing agent, DHPAC, as well as combretastatin A4 (CA4, a combretastatin derivate) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), subsequently elucidating the underlying mechanisms. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), DHPAC could enter cells and inhibit proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in the presence and absence of conditioned medium from H1299 cells. Interestingly, the inhibition was enhanced under the stimulation of the conditioned medium. Under hypoxia or normoxia, DHPAC suppressed signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation and reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and secretion from HUVECs, thus impeding the activation of the downstream signal transduction pathway of VEGF/VEGFR2. However, JNK inhibitors reversed the inhibitory effect of DHPAC on the angiogenesis, suggesting that DHPAC regulated angiogenesis through activating JNK. In H1299 cells, DHPAC could inhibit proliferation, migration, invasion, and the formation of VM. In addition, DHPAC inhibited the phosphorylation of FAK and AKT and decreased the expressions of VEGF, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), MMP9 and Laminin 5, suggesting that DHPAC inhibited VM formation via the FAK/AKT signaling pathway. In addition, CA4 showed a similar effect as DHPAC against angiogenesis and VM formation. These new findings support the use of microtubule destabilizing agents as a promising strategy for cancer therapy.