Abstract
Headaches and migraines are disabling, costly conditions. While physical activity shows benefits, specific exercise patterns' effects on headaches in the U.S. remain underexplored. This study aims to examine the cross-sectional relationship between different exercise patterns and the occurrence of severe headaches or migraines in adults using data from a nationally representative U.S. sample. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 1999-2004 were analyzed. The study included adults aged 20-65 years who reported their exercise habits and severe headache or migraine status. Logistic regression models were used to assess the predictive relationships between vigorous, moderate, and muscle-strengthening exercise, as well as combinations of these activities, and the occurrence of migraines. The final sample comprised 2011 participants representing a weighted population of about 32 million U.S. adults. Combining vigorous and muscle-strengthening activities showed the most significant reduction in headache/migraine occurrence (OR: .48, 95% CI: 0.26-0.90), indicating a 52% reduction. Other exercise combinations were also associated with lower odds ratios compared to no exercise, but they were not statistically significant in the fully adjusted model. Regular physical activity, especially the combination of vigorous and muscle-strengthening exercise, is linked to a lower risk of severe headaches/migraines.