Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To compare early cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine profiles in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) versus subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), with a focus on angiography-negative SAH (anSAH). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study of adults with spontaneous hemorrhagic stroke (ICH or SAH). For cytokine analyses, we included patients with external ventricular drains (EVDs) and analyzed the first CSF sample obtained within 72 hours of symptom onset. Cytokines were measured using a multiplex bead-based assay and included interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), C-C motif chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Cytokine concentrations were log-transformed due to non-normal distribution. Functional outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at discharge and 3 months. RESULTS: CSF cytokine analyses included 120 patients with available CSF samples (43 ICH and 77 SAH), while functional outcome analyses included a broader cohort of 490 patients with ICH or SAH to characterize discharge and 3-month outcomes across hemorrhage subtypes. Compared with SAH, ICH demonstrated higher early CSF log[IL-8] and log[VEGF-A] and had worse functional outcomes at discharge and 3 months. Within SAH, anSAH had higher log[IL-8] and log[VEGF-A] than aSAH, and its cytokine profile more closely aligned with that of primary ICH in hemorrhages without vascular malformations. DISCUSSION: Early CSF cytokine patterns suggest anSAH shares a more ICH-like inflammatory signature than aneurysmal SAH, supporting anSAH as a potentially biologically distinct SAH phenotype.