Abstract
Tarlatamab, a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE), effectively activates the immune system but often causes cytokine release syndrome (CRS). To understand the early in vivo cytokine dynamics of post-BiTE therapy, we analyzed serum from three SCLC patients before and after tarlatamab administration using the Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine Screening Panel, 48-Plex. CRS occurred once in case 1, twice in case 2, and not at all in case 3. During the initial CRS in cases 1 and 2, IL-6, IL-1Ra, IL-10, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, MIG, and IP-10 increased from baseline. Of these, MIG and IP-10 were also elevated during the second CRS episode in case 2. Some cytokines (hepatocyte growth factor, IFN-α2, IFN-γ, IL-2Rα, MIP-1α, MCP-1, and TRAIL) rose during CRS in either case 1 or 2 but showed little change in the other. RANTES decreased during CRS in case 1, yet increased and remained high in case 2, and stayed elevated in case 3. This cytokine profiling highlights the complex pathophysiology of CRS and the involvement of diverse cytokine networks beyond the IL-6 axis. These findings may guide future biomarker development, disease classification, and therapeutic strategies beyond IL-6 inhibition, advancing personalized CRS management.