Abstract
Mounting evidence demonstrates that heatwaves aggravate urban air pollution, with substantial impacts on public health, but comparatively little research has addressed Sub-Saharan African contexts. In this study, we focused on Kigali, Rwanda, to assess the relationship between extreme heat events and concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), and ozone (O(3)) from 2021 to 2024. Using low-cost sensors for dense spatiotemporal coverage, our analysis finds that O(3) concentrations increased significantly during 6 heatwave events with peak values up to 40% higher during heatwaves. Heatwaves also resulted in spikes in PM(2.5) and NO(2), however the diurnal and seasonal analyses showed that PM(2.5) and NO(2) dynamics were shaped more by local emissions than temperature alone. These results highlight the compound risks of heat and air pollution in sub-Saharan African cities, underscoring the importance of early-warning systems and robust urban policies that account for both heat and air pollution. In addition, the atmospheric dynamics identified in this research differ from those observed in many high-income countries, highlighting a critical need for more research exploring the intersection of heat and air pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa.