Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study assessed rural-urban differences in the uptake and use of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors among U.S. adults with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We calculated person-level annual total and out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures for new, other, and all diabetes medications in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. We defined newer diabetes medications as GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT2 inhibitors. The primary outcome was whether a person received a new diabetes medication during the year, and secondary outcomes were medication expenditures. The key independent variable was metropolitan statistical area (MSA) status. Logistic regression was used to estimate use rates of new diabetes medications by MSA status, and a two-part model was used to estimate individual-level annual total and OOP expenditures on new, other, and all diabetes medications. RESULTS: We observed no significant difference (adjusted odds ratio 0.943, P = 0.37) in newer diabetes medication use. Individuals with diabetes in non-MSAs were more likely to have spending (probit coefficient 0.058, P = 0.06) and to spend more on other diabetes medications (combined marginal effect $103.13, P = 0.09), although this result was not statistically significant. This imbalance increased from $81.33 (P = 0.09) in 2003-2006 to $136.66 (P = 0.08) in 2017-2020. CONCLUSIONS: Rural-urban diabetes outcome disparities are not likely to be the result of differences in the uptake of GLP-1 receptor agonist, DPP-4 inhibitor, and SGLT2 inhibitor medications.