Abstract
Objectives: To describe the US, CEUS, CT, and MRI features of papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) and to underline the imaging characteristics that are helpful in the differential diagnosis. Methods: Patients with histologically proven papillary renal cell carcinoma who underwent at least two imaging examinations (US, CEUS, CT, and MRI) were included in the study. Tumor size, homogeneity, morphology, perilesional stranding, contrast enhancement locoregional extension were assessed. A comparison and the characteristics of the imaging features for each imaging modality were analyzed. Results: A total of 27 patients with an histologically confirmed diagnosis of PRCC were included in the study. US was highly accurate in distinguishing solid masses from cystic masses, supporting the differential diagnosis of PRCC, as well as in patients with a poor representation of the solid component. CEUS significantly increased diagnostic accuracy in delineating the solid intralesional component. Furthermore, when using CEUS, in the arterial phase, PRCC exhibited hypo-enhancement, and in the late phase it showed an inhomogeneous and delayed wash-out compared with the surrounding renal parenchyma. At MRI, PRCC showed a marked restiction of DWI and was hypointense in the T2-weighted compared to the renal parenchyma. Conclusions: In our study, the characteristic hypodensity and hypoenhancement of PRCC make CT the weakest method of their recognition, while US/CEUS and MRI are necessary to reach a definitive diagnosis. Knowledge of the appearance of PRCC can support an early diagnosis and prompt management, and radiologists should be aware that PRCC, when detected using CT, may resemble spurious non-septate renal cyst.