Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Despite its prevalence, its origins remain a topic of debate, sparking discussion within the medical and historical professions. It had been feared for centuries, initially perceived as an incurable condition fraught with social stigma. This review details the historical records of cancer, tracing its earliest documented cases in ancient Egyptian and Greek civilizations, and follows the evolution of oncology treatment. Advances in medical technology and screening methods may have led to improved detection of cancer, with conditions that may have gone unnoticed in the past now diagnosed more frequently. Hippocrates and Galen later advanced the understanding of cancer by shifting from supernatural theories to a more scientific approach. The role of modifiable risk factors is highlighted, as well as the controversy surrounding the concept that cancer is a product of modern times. Environmental influences such as air pollution and tobacco smoke have been identified as carcinogenic, with public health campaigns subsequently developed. Whilst these preventative efforts aim to reduce such risks, evidence suggests that the causes of cancer are likely multi-faceted and, therefore, focusing solely on industrial factors may simplify a complex issue. The discussion remains open as to whether cancer is truly the product of modern industrialisation, or whether its low incidence in the past was due to less effective documentation and understanding. The apparent low prevalence of cancer in ancient times raises questions about the role of carcinogenic environmental factors in modern societies, with a need for continued research to explore its true origins and, therefore, develop effective strategies for prevention and treatment.