Abstract
Our study aimed to contribute to the understanding of the stress process in pigs to better assess and control their stress levels. Nowadays, pigs in intensive farming are exposed to several stress factors, such as weaning, transportation, diseases and vaccinations. As a result, the animals experience significant stress responses and inflammatory reactions that affect their health, growth and productivity. Therefore, it is crucial to assess their stress levels, and the use of stress biomarkers could be useful in their evaluation. An up-to-date overview of the different biomarkers that can be used for the assessment of stress is given. It also discusses the methods used to investigate these biomarkers, particularly non-invasive approaches, such as saliva sampling, as practical tools for monitoring animal welfare. In conclusion, our study highlights the importance of using multiple biomarkers for a comprehensive evaluation of stress and points to the need for further research to standardize the sampling procedures and improve stress management in pig farming.