Abstract
Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a common cerebrovascular disease in which sacral aneurysms occurring in the Wills ring region can lead to devastating subarachnoid hemorrhage. Despite advances in research, the underlying mechanisms of IA formation and rupture remain incompletely understood, hindering early diagnosis and effective treatment. This review comprehensively summarizes the current landscape of IA biomarkers, encompassing genetic markers, DNA, RNA, inflammatory molecules, oxidative stress proteins, and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Accumulating evidence suggests that various biomarkers are associated with different stages of IA pathogenesis, including initiation, progression, and rupture. Aberrant ECM composition and remodeling have been observed in IA patients, and extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes are implicated in IA growth and rupture. Biomarker research in IA holds great potential for improving clinical outcomes. Future studies should focus on validating the existing biomarkers, identifying novel ones, and investigating their underlying mechanisms to facilitate the development of personalized preventive and therapeutic strategies for IA.