Abstract
Non-absorbable sutures provide a site for bacterial attachment and increase the risk of surgical site infections. An alternative prevention of infections requires plant-extract coatings on sutures. The objectives of this study were to develop P. betle leaf extract-coated non-absorbable sutures and to investigate their activities on staphylococci. P. betle leaves were extracted and analyzed for the phytochemicals. P. betle extract was coated on sutures, including polyester and polypropylene. The stability of hydroxychavicol on coated sutures was evaluated. Four treatments were designed, including (1) uncoated, (2) antibiotic/extract-free-coated, (3) extract-coated, and (4) gentamicin-coated sutures. Each treatment was tested for antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-adhesion activities on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. In addition, the cytotoxicity of extract-coated sutures was tested. Analysis of the extract identified hydroxychavicol (40.07%) as the primary phytochemical. Stability tests indicated higher hydroxychavicol on Day 1 of extract-coated polyester compared to polypropylene, and the levels decreased on the subsequent days (p < 0.05). Antibacterial activity of extract-coated polyester showed antibacterial effects during the experiment period (5.16 ± 2.35 mm), while polypropylene showed no effectiveness. Additionally, biofilm inhibition was found to be 36.63 ± 27.08% and 37.34 ± 26.98% in tested staphylococci for extract-coated polyester and polypropylene, respectively. Anti-adhesion showed that the extract-coated sutures had a higher ability to decrease tested bacteria attachment (56.25-60.42% living cell reduction). The cytotoxicity study revealed that extract-coated sutures of ≤1.5 mg/1.5 cm had a 99% survival rate. The findings indicate that the coated sutures showed antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-adhesion effects against staphylococci causing canine skin infections and might lead to alternative surgical use in veterinary medicine.