Abstract
When the head is rotated rapidly, the movement of the brain lags that of the skull. Intracranial contents between the brain and skull include meninges, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and cerebral vasculature. Among the cerebral vasculature in this space are the parasagittal bridging veins (BVs), which drain blood from the brain into the superior sagittal sinus (SSS), which is housed within the falx cerebri, adhered to the inner surface of the skull. Differential motion between the brain and skull that may occur during a traumatic event is thought to stretch BVs, causing damage and producing extra-axial hemorrhage (EAH). Finite element (FE) modeling is a technique often used to aid in the understanding and prediction of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and estimation of tissue deformation during traumatic events provides insight into kinematic injury thresholds. Using a FE model of the newborn porcine head with neonatal porcine brain and BV properties, single and cyclic rapid head rotations without impact were simulated. Measured BV failure properties were used to predict BV rupture. By comparing simulation outputs to observations of EAH in a development group of in vivo studies of rapid non-impact head rotations in the piglet, it was determined that failure of 16.7% of BV elements was associated with a 50% risk of EAH, and showed in a separate validation group that this threshold predicted the occurrence of EAH with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for single rapid non-impact rotations. This threshold for failed BV elements performed with 90% overall correct prediction in simulations of cyclic rotational head injuries. A 50% risk of EAH was associated with head angular velocities of 94.74 rad/s and angular accelerations of 29.60 krad/s(2) in the newborn piglet. Future studies may build on these findings for BV failure in the piglet to develop predictive models for BV failure in human infants.