Abstract
Long COVID is frequently accompanied by neurocognitive complaints, yet the combined effects of demographic and clinical factors remain unclear. This study examined individuals six months after their most recent SARS-CoV-2 infection using a Demographic/Infection-History form, a Physical and Neurocognitive Symptom Checklist (binary), and the Post-COVID Cognitive Impairment Scale (memory, attention; 5-point Likert). Participants were recruited through convenience sampling from multiple community and online sources. Inclusion criteria required confirmed prior COVID-19 infection, self-perceived or clinically documented Long COVID symptoms, and no history of neurological or severe psychiatric disorders. The final sample consisted of 212 participants (mean age = 39.7 years, SD = 10.5), of whom 67.9% were female, and most held a master's (35.4%) or bachelor's (28.3%) degree. Difficulties with retaining new information (57.8%) and concentrating (52.1%) were the most frequent neurocognitive complaints, while severe fatigue after mild activity (23.2%) and chronic fatigue (22.7%) were the most common physical symptoms. Confusion and decision-making difficulty were more frequent among younger participants; women reported greater difficulty retaining new information, and difficulty concentrating varied by education level. A multivariable regression model explained 7% of the variance in total cognitive complaints, identifying education level (β = -0.18, p < 0.01) and number of physical symptoms (β = 0.19, p < 0.01) as significant predictors. Higher educational attainment was associated with fewer cognitive complaints, whereas a greater burden of physical symptoms predicted higher complaint scores. Persistent cognitive difficulties in Long COVID appear closely related to physical symptom burden and protective factors such as education, rather than to infection frequency or sensory dysfunction duration. Findings highlight the need for routine cognitive screening, fatigue-focused management, and longitudinal multimodal research to elucidate underlying mechanisms and recovery pathways.