Abstract
PURPOSE: Many individuals with stroke partake in rehabilitation to improve their movements. Rehabilitation operates on the assumption that individuals with stroke can use visual feedback from their movements or visual cues from a therapist to improve their movements through practice. However, this type of visuomotor learning can be impaired after stroke. It is unclear whether and how learning impairments relate to impairments in movement. Here, we examined the relationship between learning and movement impairments after stroke. METHODS: We recruited adults with first-time unilateral stroke and controls matched for overall age and sex. The participants performed a visuomotor learning task in a Kinarm exoskeleton robot. The task assessed how they adapted their reaching movements to a systematic visual disturbance that altered the relationship between the observed and actual motion of their hand. Learning was quantified as the extent to which the participants adapted their movements to the visual disturbance. A separate visually-guided reaching task was used to assess the straightness, direction, smoothness, and duration of their movements. The relationships between visuomotor adaptation and movement were analyzed using Spearman's correlations. Control data were used to identify impairments in visuomotor adaptation and movement. The independence of these impairments was examined using Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: Impairments in visuomotor adaptation (46.3%) and movement (73.2%) were common in participants with stroke (n = 41). We observed weak-moderate correlations between continuous measures of adaptation and movement performance (rho range: -0.44-0.58). Adaptation and movement impairments, identified using the range of performance in the control participants, were statistically independent (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Movement impairments accounted for 34% of the variance in visuomotor adaptation at best. Our findings suggest that factors other than movement impairments may influence visuomotor adaptation after stroke.