Abstract
Understanding the intricate functions of the human brain requires multimodal approaches that integrate complementary neuroimaging techniques. This review systematically examines the integration of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRs) in brain functional research, addressing their synergistic potential, methodological advancements, clinical and neuroscientific applications, and persistent challenges. We conducted a comprehensive literature review of 63 studies (from PubMed and Web of Science up to September 2024) using keyword combinations such as fMRI, fNIRs, and multimodal imaging. Our analysis reveals three key findings: (1) Methodological Synergy: Combining fMRI's high spatial resolution with fNIRs's superior temporal resolution and portability enables robust spatiotemporal mapping of neural activity, validated across motor, cognitive, and clinical tasks. Additionally, this study examines experimental paradigms and data processing techniques essential for effective multimodal neuroimaging. (2) Applications: The review categorizes integration methodologies into synchronous and asynchronous detection modes, highlighting their respective applications in spatial localization, validation of efficacy, and mechanism discovery. Synchronous and asynchronous integration modes have advanced research in neurological disorders (e.g., stroke, Alzheimer's), social cognition, and neuroplasticity, while novel hyperscanning paradigms extend applications to naturalistic, interactive settings. (3) Challenges: Hardware incompatibilities (e.g., electromagnetic interference in MRI environments), experimental limitations (e.g., restricted motion paradigms), and data fusion complexities hinder widespread adoption. The future direction emphasizes hardware innovation (such as fNIR probe compatible with MRI), standardized protocol and data integration driven by machine learning, etc. to solve the depth limitation of fNIR and infer subcortical activities. This synthesis underscores the transformative potential of fMRI-fNIRs integration in bridging spatial and temporal gaps in neuroimaging, while enhancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and paving the way for future innovations in brain research.