Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The harbor porpoise populations of the North and Baltic Seas are highly impacted by human activities, including underwater-radiated noise, fisheries and pollution. These cumulative stressors can have various detrimental effects, such as reduced foraging success, altered behavior and an impaired immune system. Harbor porpoises especially suffer from diseases of the respiratory tract which are partly caused or exacerbated by high parasitic prevalence in the lungs that may ultimately affect diving ability and competitiveness due to insufficient oxygen uptake and supply to the locomotor musculature. METHODS: To investigate pathophysiological mechanisms and potential compensatory adaptations to pathogenic insults, we employed transcriptomics and compared lungs and muscles of harbor porpoises with compromised respiratory health to healthy individuals. Additionally, a de novo transcriptome assembly was generated to identify transcripts that may be involved in immune-related responses. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Non-healthy harbor porpoises showed a distinct host-pathogen defense reaction in the lung, suggesting similarities to immune responses of humans suffering from lung diseases, which may be conserved along the mammalian lineage despite vastly different habitats. However, the lung transcriptomes did not indicate a Th2 immune response which is typically activated upon parasitic insults. Severely infected harbor porpoises may be overwhelmed or weakened by prolonged parasitic exposure and immune activation, possibly affecting simultaneous pathogenic clearance and tissue repair. The muscles of non-healthy harbor porpoises exhibited enhanced stress signaling and tightly regulated tissue degradation/regeneration, potentially reflecting a chronic inflammation state. Higher expression of hypoxia- and oxidative stress-associated transcripts in the muscle were consistent with hypoxia-induced transcriptional patterns and suggest a systemic pathological challenge. The de novo assembly identified significantly dysregulated non-coding RNAs in the lung and muscle which may be associated with regulatory processes. Several transcripts of the de novo assembly remained unidentified, thus their putative function needs to be elucidated. In marine mammals, the understanding of molecular immune responses still remains incomplete. This is the first study to describe the lung transcriptome of wild harbor porpoises in regard to pathophysiology. These insights contribute to the understanding of the interaction between anthropogenic impacts, infectious diseases and molecular immune responses in cetaceans, thus supporting cetacean health assessments and conservation efforts.