Abstract
BACKGROUND: Manual dexterity is a critical component of dental education, especially during the early stages of preclinical training. Recent advancements in simulation technology, such as virtual reality (VR) haptic simulators and layered tooth models such as Caviprep (hereafter referred to as the layered model), offer promising tools to enhance psychomotor skills. This study aimed to explore their combined and individual effects on manual skills development in novice dental students. We hypothesized that combined training with VR and layered models would result in greater improvements in manual skills than either modality alone or conventional methods. METHODS: Forty-eight second-semester dental students were randomly assigned to four groups: Group 1 (the layered model + VR), Group 2 (the layered model only), Group 3 (VR only), and Group 4 (Control; extracted teeth only). All students received identical theoretical instruction and standardized demonstrations for occlusal amalgam cavity preparation. Manual dexterity was assessed using a standardized evaluation form completed by three blinded evaluators. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 23.0, with significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: A significant difference was observed among groups in terms of cavity depth accuracy (p = 0.001), with the control group (Group 4) performing significantly worse. There were no statistically significant differences in other evaluated parameters including cavity outline, floor smoothness, internal line angles, marginal ridge integrity, retention form, or cavity width (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The integration of VR simulators and layered models enhances depth control during cavity preparation exercises in early dental training. These tools may provide valuable benefits in developing the manual skills essential for clinical competence. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.