Optimising Cancer Medicine in Clinical Practices: Are Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Immunotherapies Affordable for Cancer Patients in Low- and Middle-Income Countries?

Cancer immunotherapy, encompassing neoadjuvant and adjuvant interventions, has transformed treatment paradigms in multiple malignancies by leveraging the host immune system to combat tumour cells. While immunotherapies have demonstrated remarkable efficacy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, high treatment costs undermine their accessibility and affordability in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This paper provides a prospective overview of the clinical benefits of neoadjuvant and adjuvant immunotherapies, examines the barriers to implementing these treatments in LMICs, and suggests potential strategies to improve equitable access. Such interventions necessitate a combined effort from healthcare providers, policymakers, and stakeholders to ensure their sustainable integration into global cancer care.