Abstract
The increasing sophistication of mobile and sensing technology has enabled the collection of intensive longitudinal data (ILD) concerning dynamic changes in an individual's state and context. ILD can be used to develop dynamic theories of behavior change which, in turn, can be used to provide a conceptual framework for the development of just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) that leverage advances in mobile and sensing technology to determine when and how to intervene. As such, JITAIs hold tremendous potential in addressing major public health concerns such as cigarette smoking, which can recur and arise unexpectedly. In tandem, a growing number of studies have utilized multiple methods to collect data on a particular dynamic construct of interest from the same individual. This approach holds promise in providing investigators with a significantly more detailed view of how a behavior change processes unfold within the same individual than ever before. However, nuanced challenges relating to coarse data, noisy data, and incoherence among data sources are introduced. In this manuscript, we use a mobile health (mHealth) study on smokers motivated to quit (Break Free; R01MD010362) to illustrate these challenges. Practical approaches to integrate multiple data sources are discussed within the greater scientific context of developing dynamic theories of behavior change and JITAIs.