Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Although adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with lifelong health harms, current surveillance data on exposures to childhood adversity among adults are either unavailable or incomplete for many states. In this study, recent data from a nationally representative survey were used to obtain the current and complete estimates of ACEs at the national and state levels. METHODS: Current, complete, by-state estimates of adverse childhood experiences were obtained by applying small area estimation technique to individual-level data on adults aged ≥18 years from 2019-2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. The standardized questions about childhood adversity included in the 2019-2020 survey allowed for obtaining estimates of ACE consistent across states. All missing responses to childhood adversity questions (states did not offer such questions or offered them to only some respondents; respondents skipped questions) were predicted through multilevel mixed-effects logistic small area estimation regressions. The analyses were conducted between October 2022 and May 2023. RESULTS: An estimated 62.8% of U.S. adults had past exposure to ACEs (range: 54.9% in Connecticut; 72.5% in Maine). Emotional abuse (34.5%) was the most common; household member incarceration (10.6%) was the least common. Sexual abuse varied markedly between females (22.2%) and males (5.4%). Exposure to most types of adverse childhood experiences was lowest for adults who were non-Hispanic White, had the highest level of education (college degree) or income (annual income ≥$50,000), or had access to a personal healthcare provider. CONCLUSIONS: Current complete estimates of ACEs demonstrate high countrywide exposures and stark sociodemographic inequalities in the burden, highlighting opportunities to prevent adverse childhood experiences by focusing social, educational, medical, and public health interventions on populations disproportionately impacted.