Abstract
BACKGROUND: The endothelium is a key variable in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its complications, particularly coronary artery disease (CAD). Current evidence suggests that the endothelial status can be regarded as an integrated index of individual atherogenic and anti-atherogenic properties, and that the interaction between circulating factors and the arterial wall might be critical for atherogenesis. In organism-level investigations, a functional view is provided by metabolomics, the study of the metabolic profile of small molecules. We sought to verify whether metabolomic analysis can reveal the presence of coronary microenvironment peculiarities associated with distinct manifestations of CAD. METHODS: Thirty-two coronary blood samples were analyzed using (1)H-NMR-based metabolomics. Samples collected from patients with evidence of myocardial ischemia formed the case group, and were further divided into the stenotic-disease (SD) group (N = 13) and absence of stenosis (microvascular disease; "Micro") group (N = 8); specimens of patients presenting no evidence of ischemic heart disease (dilated cardiomyopathy, valvular diseases) constituted the control group (N = 11). RESULTS: Application of an orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model to the entire dataset clearly separated the samples into 3 groups, indicating 3 distinct metabolic fingerprints. Relative to control-group members, Micro patients showed a higher content of 2-hydroxybutirate, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, and N-acetyl groups and lower levels of creatine/phosphocreatine, creatinine, and glucose, whereas SD patients showed higher levels of 3-hydroxybutirate and acetate and a lower content of 2-hydroxybutirate. Moreover, relative to SD patients, Micro patients showed higher levels of 2-hydroxybutirate, alanine, leucine, and N-acetyl groups and lower levels of 3-hydroxybutirate and acetate. CONCLUSIONS: Specific coronary microenvironments are likely associated with distinct development and pathological expression of CAD.