Abstract
Bordetella pertussis infects the upper airways of humans and disarms host defense by the potent immuno-subversive activities of its pertussis (PT) and adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxins. CyaA action near-instantly ablates the bactericidal activities of sentinel CR3-expressing myeloid phagocytes by hijacking cellular signaling pathways through the unregulated production of cAMP. Moreover, CyaA-elicited cAMP signaling also inhibits the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-induced differentiation of incoming inflammatory monocytes into bactericidal macrophages. We show that CyaA/cAMP signaling via protein kinase A (PKA) downregulates the M-CSF-elicited expression of monocyte receptors for transferrin (CD71) and hemoglobin-haptoglobin (CD163), as well as the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) involved in iron liberation from internalized heme. The impact of CyaA action on CD71 and CD163 levels in differentiating monocytes is largely alleviated by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), indicating that CyaA/cAMP signaling triggers epigenetic silencing of genes for micronutrient acquisition receptors. These results suggest a new mechanism by which B. pertussis evades host sentinel phagocytes to achieve proliferation on airway mucosa.IMPORTANCETo establish a productive infection of the nasopharyngeal mucosa and proliferate to sufficiently high numbers that trigger rhinitis and aerosol-mediated transmission, the pertussis agent Bordetella pertussis deploys several immunosuppressive protein toxins that compromise the sentinel functions of mucosa patrolling phagocytes. We show that cAMP signaling elicited by very low concentrations (22 pM) of Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin downregulates the iron acquisition systems of CD14+ monocytes. The resulting iron deprivation of iron, a key micronutrient, then represents an additional aspect of CyaA toxin action involved in the inhibition of differentiation of monocytes into the enlarged bactericidal macrophage cells. This corroborates the newly discovered paradigm of host defense evasion mechanisms employed by bacterial pathogens, where manipulation of cellular cAMP levels blocks monocyte to macrophage transition and replenishment of exhausted phagocytes, thereby contributing to the formation of a safe niche for pathogen proliferation and dissemination.