Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Influenza infections result in a wide spectrum of disease outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic cases to fatal illness. While immunopathology contributes to an increased risk of hospitalization, the host factors that drive predisposition to ICU admission remain poorly understood. METHODS: Here, we performed proteome analyses of sera from influenza virus-infected patients who were experiencing moderate disease without ICU admission or severe disease with ICU admission. A unique aspect of our study is that we monitored expression levels of more than 6,000 proteins whereas previous studies only analyzed a very limited number of protein markers. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Comparing the responses in infected versus healthy individuals identified many differentially expressed proteins and related molecular pathways involved in lipid metabolism, iron metabolism, chromatin remodeling, and immune signaling in infected patients. These were amplified in patients with more severe disease, where immune signaling, proliferation/differentiation, and metabolic process pathways were increased. Our results suggest strong impacts of macrophage- and neutrophil-related responses. A unique aspect of our analysis is that it allowed us to relate the secreted host response in the blood (proteome) with stimulated responses in blood cells (transcriptome) in the same patients. Many differentially expressed proteins in the serum were not identified as differentially expressed genes in blood cells and therefore represent a not yet described set of biomarkers. Furthermore, we identified many strong correlations between blood cell transcriptomes and blood proteomes, which will allow us to validate or generate unique hypotheses of causal relationships between serum proteins and responses in blood cells during an influenza infection.