Abstract
Acrylonitrile is an organic chemical synthetic monomer that is widely used in food packaging and manufacturing. Animal studies have reported that acrylonitrile is carcinogenic and toxic, but the effects on the female reproductive function in mammals are unknown. In the present study, we report that acrylonitrile treatment affects ovarian homeostasis in mice, resulting in impaired follicular development. Follicles in acrylonitrile-exposed mice exhibited high levels of inflammation and apoptosis, and acrylonitrile treatment interfered with oocyte development. Transcriptomics analysis showed that acrylonitrile altered the expression of oocyte genes related to apoptosis, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy. Further molecular tests revealed that acrylonitrile induced early apoptosis, DNA damage, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum abnormalities, and lysosomal aggregation. We also observed disruption of mitochondrial structure and distribution and depolarization of membrane potential. Finally, acrylonitrile treatment in female mice decreased the number and weight of offspring. Altogether, these findings suggest that acrylonitrile impairs the stability of the ovarian internal environment, which in turn affects oocyte development and reduces the number of offspring.