Abstract
One of the key features of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the inability to mount sufficient and coordinated adaptive immune responses against HBV. Recent studies on HBV-specific B cells and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) have shed light on their role in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Anti-HBs is recognized as a protective immune marker, both for HBV infection clearance and following vaccination, and it is also considered an important indicator of functional cure for CHB. Notably, functional impairment of HBV-specific B cells may be reversible. The restoration of HBV-specific B cell function, along with the induction of an anti-HBs antibody response, is regarded as pivotal for terminating chronic HBV infection and achieving functional cure. This article reviews the significance of anti-HBs in both the infection and clearance of HBV, and discusses the potential of neutralizing antibodies and therapeutic vaccines as promising future strategies.