Abstract
Ammonia-N stress is a significant environmental factor that adversely affects the health and productivity of aquaculture species. This study investigates the effects of ammonia-N stress on the shrimp Penaeus monodon through a combination of biochemical, histological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses. Shrimp were exposed to ammonia-N stress for 12 and 96 hours, and key markers of oxidative stress, nitrogen metabolism, immune response, and overall health were assessed. The results showed that prolonged ammonia-N exposure causes significant hepatopancreatic damage, including atrophy and deformation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant changes in gene expression related to apoptosis, immune response, and key metabolic pathways, with particular emphasis on the disruption of innate immune signaling and defense mechanisms. Metabolomic analysis identified disruptions in nucleotide turnover, antioxidant defenses, and fundamental metabolic processes. These findings suggest that ammonia-N stress induces a multifaceted stress response in shrimp, involving oxidative stress, immune activation, and metabolic disturbances. Understanding these immune-related and metabolic mechanisms provides valuable insights into the molecular responses of crustaceans to environmental stress, laying the foundation for assessing the ecological risk of ammonia-N and identifying potential immunological biomarkers for monitoring and mitigating its adverse effects in aquaculture systems.